FREE ESSAY ON URBAN EVANGELISM

URBAN EVANGELISM

Go Ye Into All the World
…and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria and to the
ends of the earth. Acts 1:8 This commandment, given by Christ to his apostles, was one of
action. First they were to go into their homes, or Jerusalem, then to their community, or
Samaria, and then finally to the ends of the earth. The Christian church of today,
however has lost sight of that directive. For too many years now we have sent thousands
of missionaries abroad while ignoring the mission field next door. While many may witness
in our homes few move out into the community, especially when that community is in an
urban area. Joshua 8:7 says …take the city. The LORD your God will give it into
your hand. Now more than ever this call to take the city must followed by believers. The
current population of the world is 5,983,000,000 (World POPClock, 1:57 p.m., April 28,
1999). Of those estimated 6 billion people, two thirds of them will be living in cities
by the year 2000 (Giradet 1). By ignoring the call to evangelize the cities for Christ,
upwards of 4 billion people my be lost. 
The shear numbers involved in urban evangelism should serve as all call to arms. The
church must be involved in the cities of the world both physically and socially. Amos
Howley say's that Every social act in an exercise of power, every social relationship is
a power equation (Hurst 92) Within that power equation, who better to serve at a catalyst
for social action than the creator of power Himself. The Holy Spirit will enable the
saint, but to effectively minister in the urban culture one must know the history,
understand the lifestyle, and apply cultural relevancy to each and every action.
First, a definition of exactly what the term urban means is essential. Benjamine Tonna in
his book Gospel for the Cities gives a definition of urban that encompasses many of the
far reaching aspects of this illusive term. Urban…here covers all the 'things' that
characterize the fact of the metropolis…The central interest is in the process of
urbanization, which can be defined as the phenomenon by which millions of men and women
move en masse from rural to metropolitan areas, and - more importantly - which transforms
the lifestyle (Tonnna 5). It is difficult if not impossible to characterize an urban area
strictly in term of numbers or density. It requires far more than quantitative analysis
but also qualitative analysis to understand the culture and lifestyle as well as the pure
data. With this definition in mind, the history of the migration to cities must also be
more fully understood. 
The industrial revolution spurred on a mass migration to the cities in the early part of
this century. As jobs in manufacturing began to appear in large clusters at a particular
city so did thousands workers to fill those positions. The boom in cities occurred at an
astounding rate. …while the total world population doubled during the first half of
the present century, that of the cities with a population of more than 100,000 quadrupled
(Tonna 49). This boom began in the United States and continued throughout the world for
the next 30 to 40 years. Although the interests of the large corporations, and
capitalization in general were well served through the advent of the city, more often
that not the city was not a place where individual needs were met. The process of
urbanization is unique from all other cultural migrations in that it was the creation of
a privileged few for monetary gain and not a migration as a reaction to a social need or
problem as had been the pattern in the past.
Cities such as Madras and Calcutta, Hong Kong and Singapore were born as support bases
for imperialist interests; they exercised commercial, administrative, and military
function. These cities, and many others, in Latin America and Africa as well, sprang up
from the concerns of the European population residing in them and the interests of the
overseas metropolitan centers - mot from the needs of the local population (Tonna 11). 
This kind of development caused great problems in cities, many uniquely different than
the American city. It is easy to base all assumptions about the city and urban areas on
the model seen in the North America but that would be a fallacy. The urban area is
spreading at record rates all over the world. Two-thirds of all the Third World
metropolises - forty-eight out of seventy-two - are in Asia. All told, some 132 million
persons live in these 45 cities. Sixteen Latin American cities have a population
exceeding 1 million. And even in Africa the urban area is growing. There are now seven
African cities with a population exceeding 1 million (Tonna 12-14). The process of
urbanization is continuing even today. However, the knowledge the history cities does not
necessarily negate a knowledge of the culture of cities.
There are many paradigms that make up the culture of the urban area. Traditionally cities
have been recognized by poverty, racial tension, and a generally lower quality of life.
Of all the negative aspects of city life the one, steady, underlying current is a low
socioeconomic status. Hurst tells us that …socioeconomic status is (1) a continuum
of inequality between classes, (2) partly the result of subjectures as well as objective
conditions, (3) multidimensional, and (4) non-conflictive in nature (Hurst 10). It is
this low SES, however, that leads many urban dwellers into a state of conflict with many
of the white, middle class, evangelicals who venture out to minister to them. On of the
first fallacies in urban ministry is a lack of understanding of the conflict that exists
between what the messenger unwittingly represents. The church is comfortable accepting
the expenditure of vast sums for war and larger police forces, even though this drains
away resources that might have been used for the needs of people right nest door to the
church (Ellison 67). To misunderstand the culture of poverty is much like driving
blindfolded. You may get a few feet but eventually you'll hit something. Many Protestants
have historically felt, as Durkhiem put it, if individuals do not engage in their
occupations, but rather remain idle, poverty will befall them. Riches are the result of
industry, and poverty is the result of laziness (Hurst 303). This idea of self
sufficiency forms a gap between those who desire to save the lost from hell and those who
are forced to listen to the gospel by someone who won't back social policy designed to
get them out of the only hell they can comprehend. The simplest way to ensure an
unsuccessful urban ministry is to buy into the feeling that those who are poor should
expect no help from others since it is their own behavior that has resulted in their
dismal situation (Hurst 303). 
As if the class struggle is not enough to overcome, race is still a major factor in the
evangelizing of the urban community. William Julius Wilson has said that the social
problems of urban life in the United States are, in large measure, the problems of racial
inequality (Hurst 62). With a high minority population living in the cities,
understanding race difficulties and differences is essential. There is a basis fallacy in
the W.A.S.P. (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) going into urban areas and preaching a
Caucasian Christ who, to them, knows nothing of being a minority who feel frustration
with the current political system when in actuality Christ can more easily be identified
with those minority outcasts than with mainstream religion. As. Ellison put it The
Christian church has tended to maintain society's fantasies by presenting a false picture
of Christ of the Bible. It has tended to portray Jesus as Anglo-Saxon, blue-eyed, blond,
Protestant (and, some add Republican). As William E Pannell writes in My Friend the Enemy
'this conservative brand of Christianity perpetuates the myth of white supremacy (Ellison
58).
One of the greatest stumbling blocks to the gospel can be the struggle associated with
race. Both historical accounts and contemporary research data give a sobering picture of
the Christian community's mirroring - and at times leading - American racial prejudice
(Ellison 51). One of the first steps in reaching the city for Christ is a time of racial
reconciliation and healing. Those of all creed and color must be able to stand together.
1 John 2:10 says that He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none
occasion of stumbling in him. 
There is one final paradigm that shapes urban culture as a whole. Although this paradigm
is the youngest in the series it can, at times, have the loudest voice. It touches not
some or even most but all of those in urban and non-urban areas. The paradigm is that of
the media portrayal of the urban lifestyle. On any given night, one can turn on the
television and, if all that one sees is taken to be true, learn that all those living in
urban areas and either drug dealers or drug users. You will find out that most of the
children do not have fathers and the one who do are abused by them. You will find out
everyone is promiscuous and no good can be found within the city limits. It is no wonder
so many people buy into this view, including many of those living in the urban areas.
Although the city can be rough, it is dangerous to make it sound even worse than it
really is. There is hope for the city and those within its limits. The urban dweller has
enough to face without the bombarding of negative stereotypes that often turn into
self-fulfilling prophecies. Benjamin Tonna say's that The process of secularization takes
place in the city; in fact urbanization and secularization go hand in hand as parallel
processes, even with a certain degree of interdependence. But this does not mean that
religion is no longer viewed as the solution to human problems… (Tonna 91). It is
in fact, the only viable solution the world has left.
With so many boundaries and obstacles to urban ministry it would be easy to become
discouraged and give up. This should not be the reaction to the previous paragraphs. That
intended reaction is a renewed sense of urgency and purpose with a willingness to
reevaluate the current methods being employed in urban areas today. In time of rapid
change, says J. Paul Getty, our experience becomes our worst enemy (Shultz 273). An
effective urban ministry will begin with a fresh look into the ways we preach and teach
the gospel. A group of Christian educators were asked: If you found a curriculum that you
believed was superior, that would result in greater learning among your people, would you
be inclined to switch from what you are using now? Only 29% said yes (Shults 54).
Tradition, when abused or blindly followed, can do immeasurable amounts of harm. We must
think of new ways to reach the lost. The idea a cultural relevancy must be applied to all
aspects of urban ministry. In the book, Why Nobody Learns Much of Anything at Sunday
School: And How to Fix It, Thom Shults recalled the story of a graduating seminary
senior, asked to evaluate his theological education. The student responded that he felt
well prepared to meet the needs of the nineteenth century church (Shults 114). Many of
the current trends in Evangelical circles are doing just that, teaching nineteenth
century methods in a twenty-first century world. A call to a new work of the Holy Spirit
is essential. 
One of the ways the church can practice cultural relevancy is to move away from the lofty
sermons and haughty experiences of the past and focus the church into a body of believers
meeting the physical, mental, and social needs of any and all it comes in contact with.
The task of urban missions…will be that of ushering Christians, not as in the past,
into merely judicial and impersonal structures, but into the vital experiences of the
local church (Tonna 173). With out the continuous support of a local body of believers
most endeavors in the inner-city will fail. The lofty heights of the pulpit are for
feeding the sheep, not for gathering new sheep into the fold. Personal, one on one
friendships will be the evangelism tool of the future. It is through the daily, often
uneventful, demonstration of love, purer than anything found on earth, that will lead to
lost into a relationship with Christ. In John 13:35 we find that By this all men will
know that you are my disciples, if you love one another. The Jesus people see in you may
be the only Jesus they will ever see. Your light must be evident. It is a sobering
thought to that you only love Jesus as much as the person you love the least, and yet, it
is an inescapable principle. 
The task at hand - evangelizing the cities and urban areas of the world - seems
overwhelming at times We can, however, make a difference when equipped properly. The
cities of the world are growing a record rates so the it is with great urgency that the
church must decend onto the cities. There is a clear call the take the city for Christ
and a clear burden in the heart of God for those within the city. Almost in line with
contemporary urbanization, says Tonna, the scriptures begin in a garden and end in a city
(Tonna 121). The scripture as our guide, there is not city too vast and great it cannot
be penetrated with the gospel. 
In the end, the church of today is in uncharted territory within the city. Tonna
concludes his thoughts this way: At the empirical, experimental level, no way our of this
situation has been charted for us. We can only maintain a attitude of openness to the
transcendent level - not immediately experiential - of divine intervention into the
entirety of human history and therefor into contemporary urban history (Tonna 193). These
words echo basic truths in the previous pages. Psalms 37:25 says I was young and now I am
old, yet I have never seen the righteous forsaken or their children begging bread. The
nature of God and history itself bares out this premise of divine intervention into the
entirety of human history. In the same way your Father in heaven is not willing that any
of these little ones should be lost (Matthew 18:14). It is the will of God that all
people be reached with the message of salvation. Through urbanization the church is not
only faced with great opposition but also great opportunity to reach many people in a
short time and area. …and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea
and Samaria and to the ends of the earth. Acts 1:8 
Works Cited
Ellison, Craig W. Urban Mission Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans 
Publishing Co, 1974.
Findley, James F. Church People in the Struggle New York: Oxford University Press, 
1994.
Giradet, Herbert The Giai Atlas of Cities http://www.gaiabooks.co.uk/books/cities.html
1999
Hurst, Charles E. Social Inequality: Forms, Causes and Consequences Boston, MA: Allyn 
and Bacon, 1992
Hunter, Mark The Changing Family Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1998
Shults, Thom and Joani Why Nobody Learns Much of Anything at Church: And How to 
and How to Fix It Loveland, CO: Group Publishing, 1996
The Holy Bible The New International Version Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan 
Publishing, 1994.
Tonna, Benjamine A Gospel for the Cities: A Socio-Theology of Urban Ministry New 
York: Orbis Books, 1988
Vandermeulen, Arnold J. Skid Row Life Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing, 1956
Wooden, Wayne S. Renegade Kids, Suburban Outlaws: From Youth Culture to 
Delinquency New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 1995
U.S. Census Bureau World POPClock Projection http://www.census.gov/cgi-
bin/ipc/popclock 1999