FREE ESSAY ON SAMUEL CLEMENS...MARK TWAIN

SAMUEL CLEMENS...MARK TWAIN

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), American writer and humorist, whose best work is
characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire. Twain's writing
is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of
hypocrisy and oppression. 
Born in Florida, Missouri, Clemens moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a port on
the Mississippi River, when he was four years old. There he received a public school
education. After the death of his father in 1847, Clemens was apprenticed to two Hannibal
printers, and in 1851 he began setting type for and contributing sketches to his brother
Orion's Hannibal Journal. Subsequently he worked as a printer in Keokuk, Iowa; New York
City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and other cities. Later Clemens was a steamboat pilot
on the Mississippi River until the American Civil War (1861-1865) brought an end to
travel on the river. In 1861 Clemens served briefly as a volunteer soldier in the
Confederate cavalry. Later that year he accompanied his brother to the newly created
Nevada Territory, where he tried his hand at silver mining. In 1862 he became a reporter
on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada, and in 1863 he began signing his
articles with the pseudonym Mark Twain, a Mississippi River phrase meaning two fathoms
deep. After moving to San Francisco, California, in 1864, Twain met American writers
Artemus Ward and Bret Harte, who encouraged him in his work. In 1865 Twain reworked a
tale he had heard in the California gold fields, and within months the author and the
story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, had become national sensations. 
In 1867 Twain lectured in New York City, and in the same year he visited Europe and
Palestine. He wrote of these travels in The Innocents Abroad (1869), a book exaggerating
those aspects of European culture that impress American tourists. In 1870 he married
Olivia Langdon. After living briefly in Buffalo, New York, the couple moved to Hartford,
Connecticut. Much of Twain's best work was written in the 1870s and 1880s in Hartford or
during the summers at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York. Roughing It (1872) recounts his
early adventures as a miner and journalist; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
celebrates boyhood in a town on the Mississippi River; A Tramp Abroad (1880) describes a
walking trip through the Black Forest of Germany and the Swiss Alps; The Prince and the
Pauper (1882), a children's book, focuses on switched identities in Tudor England; Life
on the Mississippi (1883) combines an autobiographical account of his experiences as a
river pilot with a visit to the Mississippi nearly two decades after he left it; A
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) satirizes oppression in feudal England
(see Feudalism). 
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the sequel to Tom Sawyer, is considered
Twain's masterpiece. The book is the story of the title character, known as Huck, a boy
who flees his father by rafting down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave, Jim. The
pair's adventures show Huck (and the reader) the cruelty of which men and women are
capable. Another theme of the novel is the conflict between Huck's feelings of friendship
with Jim, who is one of the few people he can trust, and his knowledge that he is
breaking the laws of the time by helping Jim escape. Huckleberry Finn, which is almost
entirely narrated from Huck's point of view, is noted for its authentic language and for
its deep commitment to freedom. Huck's adventures also provide the reader with a panorama
of American life along the Mississippi before the Civil War. Twain's skill in capturing
the rhythms of that life help make the book one of the masterpieces of American
literature.
In 1884 Twain formed the firm Charles L. Webster and Company to publish his and other
writers' works, notably Personal Memoirs (two volumes, 1885-1886) by American general and
president Ulysses S. Grant. A disastrous investment in an automatic typesetting machine
led to the firm's bankruptcy in 1894. A successful worldwide lecture tour and the book
based on those travels, Following the Equator (1897), paid off Twain's debts.
Twain's work during the 1890s and the 1900s is marked by growing pessimism and
bitterness-the result of his business reverses and, later, the deaths of his wife and two
daughters. Significant works of this period are Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), a novel set in
the South before the Civil War that criticizes racism by focusing on mistaken racial
identities, and Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896), a sentimental biography.
Twain's other later writings include short stories, the best known of which are The Man
That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1899) and The War Prayer (1905); philosophical, social, and
political essays; the manuscript of The Mysterious Stranger, an uncompleted piece that
was published posthumously in 1916; and autobiographical dictations. 
Twain's work was inspired by the unconventional West, and the popularity of his work
marked the end of the domination of American literature by New England writers. He is
justly renowned as a humorist but was not always appreciated by the writers of his time
as anything more than that. Successive generations of writers, however, recognized the
role that Twain played in creating a truly American literature. He portrayed uniquely
American subjects in a humorous and colloquial, yet poetic, language. His success in
creating this plain but evocative language precipitated the end of American reverence for
British and European culture and for the more formal language associated with those
traditions. His adherence to American themes, settings, and language set him apart from
many other novelists of the day and had a powerful effect on such later American writers
as Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner, both of whom pointed to Twain as an inspiration
for their own writing. 
In Twain's later years he wrote less, but he became a celebrity, frequently speaking out
on public issues. He also came to be known for the white linen suit he always wore when
making public appearances. Twain received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University in
1907. When he died he left an uncompleted autobiography, which was eventually edited by
his secretary, Albert Bigelow Paine, and published in 1924. In 1990 the first half of a
handwritten manuscript of Huckleberry Finn was discovered in Hollywood, California. After
a series of legal battles over ownership, the portion, which included previously
unpublished material, was reunited with its second half, which had been housed at the
Buffalo and Erie County (New York) Public Library, in 1992. A revised edition of
Huckleberry Finn including the unpublished material was released in 1996.