FREE ESSAY ON PERFECT COMPETITION VS. MONOPOLY

PERFECT COMPETITION VS. MONOPOLY

1. Analyze the fast food industry from the point of view of perfect competition. Include
the concepts of elasticity, utility, costs, and market structure to explain the prices
charged by fast food retailers.
Firms within the fast food industry fall under the market structure of perfect
competition. Market structure is a classification system for the key traits of a market.
The characteristics of perfect competition include: large number of buyers and sellers,
easy entry to and exit from the market, homogeneous products, and the firm is the price
taker. Many fast food franchises fit all or most of these characteristics.
Competition within the industry as well as market supply and demand conditions set the
price of products sold. For example, when Wendy's introduced its $.99 value menu, several
other companies implemented the same type of changes to their menu. The demand for items
on Wendy's value menu was so high because they were offering the same products as always,
but at a discounted price. This change in market demand basically forced Wendy's
competition to lower prices of items on their menu, in order to maintain their share of
the market.
The previous example illustrates the elasticity of the fast food industry. Supply and
demand set the equilibrium price for goods offered by franchises within the industry.
Competitors of Wendy's must accept the prices established by the consumer demand for the
value menu. If consumers didn't respond so positively to Wendy's changes, other firms
wouldn't have had to adjust prices. On the flip side of this concept, there is no need
for franchises to further reduce prices below the current levels. At the current prices,
firms may sell as much product as they want, thereby maximizing profits. 
This industry has a very high utility value. Utility is a measure of satisfaction or
pleasure that is obtained from consuming a good or service. If consumers feel as if they
get a good meal, at a good price, then they're satisfied. This customer satisfaction
coupled with relatively low prices keeps the industry profitable.
Another quality of perfect competition that may be overlooked, but is vital to this
industry is the ease of entry into the market. Start-up franchises within this market
structure can begin operating with relatively low initial investments (compared to other
industries). This is not the case where monopolies are concerned. There are numerous
barriers to entry into monopolistic market structures, capital being one of the most
prominent barriers.
If a new franchise an offer the consumer a quality product at a reduced price, then the
chances of success are greatly increased. For example, Chanello's and Little Caesar's
offer discounted pizza prices, and maintain the same quality as other pizza chains. These
companies spend less on advertising and more on the actual product. That's a very
important concept in this industry, because their quality product at this discounted
price gives them a niche in the market. Once a company establishes a niche, they become
more visible to the consumer, thereby creating more demand, which leads to greater
revenue.
2. Analyze sports franchises from the point of view of a monopoly.
Sports franchises fall within the market structure of monopolies. Most professional
sports teams fit most or all of the characteristics of a monopoly. For each sport, there
are a limited number of teams and new entries into the league are few and far between.
Also, there are many barriers to entry into the market, including large initial capital
investment, dominance by one or few firms, and other legal issues that must be
considered. 
An investor would initially need cash for payroll of players, payroll for management,
advertising, playing facility, and many other miscellaneous costs. The new franchise
owner would need to be very wealthy and have the backing of other wealthy individuals
just to purchase the franchise.
Once a franchise eventually enters the market, they have the ability to set the prices
for that particular market. Monopolies are price makers and the products offered are not
sensitive to changes in the market. The demand curve of a monopoly is not elastic, as is
such in a perfectly competitive market. The monopolistic demand curve is the same as the
curve for the industry since there is only one firm within the industry. This allows the
franchise owner to maximize profits by setting the price of tickets and concessions at an
amount that creates the most revenue. Consumers will pay the price, if they want to
attend a particular sporting event, no matter how outrageous the price. This price
setting is allowable, because unlike perfect competition, there are no substitutes.
Cities may have two or three teams of different types of sports (i.e. baseball, hockey,
football), but few cities have more than one professional team of the same sport.
Sports franchises, although they're monopolies are not all bad. These teams bring million
and millions of dollars in revenue to the city in which they're located. First of all,
jobs are created in the construction of the sports facility. Then there is revenue to the
city from taxes, consumer spending at hotels and restaurants, tourist visits and numerous
other avenues.
Sports franchises are similar to the fast food industry in the respect that they also
have a very high utility value. Fans are pleased when they witness a very competitive,
hard fought sporting event, and they are willing to pay to do so. Just look at the price
of Super Bowl or NBA finals tickets. Spectators pay hundreds and even thousands of
dollars to witness these events year in and year out. As long as the teams are
competitive and there are superstar players, consumers will continue to watch and attend
events regardless of the price.